雅思写作Section 1 学习记录

来源：task1.pdf。本文按考场写作流程整理，重点保留可直接套用的模板、分段规则和检查清单。

1. 开头段 Intro

1.1 图表类型 + 动词

不要照抄题目里的 show / chart / graph。先看图表长相，再选主语和动词。

图表类型	推荐主语	推荐动词
折线图	The line graph	illustrates / compares
柱状图	The bar chart	illustrates / compares
饼图	The pie chart	illustrates / provides information on
表格	The table	illustrates / compares / provides information on
地图	The map	details / outlines / delineates
流程图	The process diagram	details / outlines

单图：

The line graph / bar chart / pie chart / table illustrates ...
The line graph / bar chart / table compares ...
The map / process diagram details ...
The map / process diagram outlines ...

多个同类图：

The two pie charts illustrate ...
The three tables provide information on ...

多个不同类图：

The line graph illustrates 对象 1, while the bar chart provides information on 对象 2.
The line graph illustrates 对象 1, while the table details 对象 2.

1.2 把题目长句改成高级名词短语

不要写：

how many people ...
the number of people who ...
how much money ...
how it is made ...
how it changed ...

按主题替换：

主题	可用名词短语
人口 / 人群	the demographic profile of ... / the proportion of the population ...
行为 / 参与	the distribution of ... / attendance figures for ... / participation figures for ...
毕业 / 旅行去向	the ... destinations of ...
花钱 / 预算	financial expenditure on ... / the allocation of budget for ...
销售 / 收入	sales revenue generated by ... / the economic valuation of ...
价格 / 商业变化	price fluctuations of ... / the commercial turnover of ...
能源 / 水 / 资源	energy/water consumption levels across ... / the utilisation of ...
生产 / 排放	production volume of ... / the carbon footprint/emissions resulting from ...
时间 / 交通承载	time allocation for ... / transportation capacity of ...
自然流程	the natural life cycle of ... / the ecological mechanism behind ...
工业流程	the industrial procedure involved in producing ... / the manufacturing process involved in producing ...
地图变化	the spatial layout of ... / the physical transformation of ... / the infrastructural redevelopment planned for ...

1.3 分类、单位、地点、时间

分类补充：

..., categorised into 数字 distinct 总名称, ...
..., broken down by 分类依据, ...
... across 数字 separate sectors/categories ...

单位补充：

..., measured in 单位, ...
..., expressed as a percentage, ...
..., denominated in 货币单位, ...

时间表达：

in the year 年份
in the years 年份 A and 年份 B respectively
over a 跨度-year period commencing in 起点年份
between 起点年份 and the projected year of 终点年份
the current layout alongside proposed future developments

地点表达：

in 国家/地区
across 国家/地区
in 数字 distinct countries/regions, namely, ...
in ten selected countries

开头段拼装公式：

图表主语 + 动词 + 高级名词短语 + 分类/单位 + 地点 + 时间.

示例框架：

The table compares the demographic profile of impoverished households,
categorised into six distinct family structures, across Australia in the year 1999.

课堂例句：C04T04 混合图

The line graph illustrates the visits to and from the UK by overseas and local residents
over a 20-year period commencing in 1979, and the bar chart provides a further breakdown
of the number of UK residents travelling to the five most popular destinations in the year 1999,
both measured in millions.

可拆分模板：

The line graph illustrates 对象 1 over a 跨度-year period commencing in 起点年份,
and the bar chart provides a further breakdown of 对象 2 in the year 年份,
both measured in 单位.

注意：

• visits to and from the UK = 到英国和从英国出发的访问 / 旅行。
• UK residents travelling to ... 比 UK residents to ... 更完整。
• 不要写 from the the UK，the 只能出现一次。
• 时间可以写 between 1979 and 1999 / from 1979 to 1999，但开头段更推荐 over a 20-year period commencing in 1979。

课堂例句：C05T01 人口比例 + 未来预测

The line graph illustrates the proportion of the population aged 65 and over,
expressed as a percentage, between 1940 and 2040 in three different countries.

可替换成更强的主题名词：

The line graph illustrates the demographic profile of the elderly population,
expressed as a percentage, between 1940 and the projected year of 2040 in three different countries.

注意：

• aged 65 and over = 65 岁及以上。
• demographic profile 可理解为“人口画像 / 人口构成”。
• 如果终点年份在未来，可以写 the projected year of 2040，提醒考官这是预测数据。

2. 写前看图防错

2.1 图表数量与分段

单图：在一张图内深挖重点，如最高点、最低点、交叉、倍数、例外。

双图 / 多图：主体段尽量物理隔离。

Body 1: 只写图 1
Body 2: 只写图 2

多个图之间的关系可在 Overview 点出：

provide a further breakdown of ...
offer a detailed dissection of ...
show a direct correlation with ...
closely mirror the trend seen in ...
display a largely parallel trajectory
reveal a striking contrast between ...

2.2 单位与主语搭配

百分比类：

the proportion of ...
the percentage of ...
the share of ...
the figure for ...

具体数量类：

the number of ...        # 可数
the amount of ...        # 不可数
the total volume of ...
the total expenditure on ...
the total budget for ...
the figure for ...

防错模板：

The percentage change in ... stood at 数值.
... compared to the 年份 baseline.
Of those who ..., males/females accounted for 数值.
The proportion of 人群 who were 状态 ...
The number of marriages/births ...

2.3 时态

时间类型	时态
无年份的静态图	一般现在时
只有一个过去年份	一般过去时
全部是过去连续年份	一般过去时
过去延续到现在	现在完成时
涉及未来预测	预测类被动表达
流程图	一般现在时；自然流程主动，人工流程被动

未来预测：

is projected to reach ...
is expected to fall ...
is forecast to ...
is scheduled for completion ...
is anticipated to undergo ...

流程图：

hatch / mature / migrate
be extracted from ...
be crushed ...
be subjected to ...

3. Overview 概览段

概览段必须独立、清晰、无具体数字。只写主要趋势、最大差异、整体变化、最终结果。

通用开头：

Overall, what stands out from the graph is that ...
Looking at the chart from a macro perspective, it is evident that ...

动态对比通用句：

Overall, it is clear that while 上涨组 saw an increase over the period,
the opposite was true for 下跌组.

课堂例句：C07T02

Overall, it is clear that while the consumption of chicken saw an increase over the period,
the opposite was true for the other three categories, namely, beef, lamb, and fish.

如果有一个例外项：

The consumption of fish stood out as the sole exception, as it fluctuated / remained stable throughout the period.

注意：

• 推荐固定使用 it is clear that ... 或 it is obvious that ...。
• namely = 即，也就是，用来补充列举前面概括的类别。

地图 / 流程：

In general, the area underwent a complete transformation, characterised by ...
Overall, the process consists of 数字 main stages, beginning with 起点动作 and culminating in 终点动作.
Overall, this is a cyclic process comprising several distinct phases, from 起点 to 终点.

4. 主体段分段规则

4.1 动态图：各自变化

如果有的涨、有的跌：

Body 1: 上涨组
Body 2: 下跌 / 不变 / 混乱组

概览模板：

Overall, a diverging pattern can be observed among the categories,
with some experiencing an upward trajectory while others followed a downward trend.

Overall, it is clearly evident that 描述对象 exhibited mixed trends over the period;
specifically, 上涨项 witnessed significant growth, whereas 下跌项 saw a notable decline.

主体段开头：

Looking first at the categories that experienced an upward trajectory, ...
Focusing on the components with a positive trend, ...
In stark contrast, an opposite pattern can be observed in ...
Turning to the remaining categories, ...

如果全都涨 / 全都跌：按数字大小和速度分段。

While all categories experienced an upward trajectory, 变量 A maintained its absolute dominance,
growing at a significantly faster rate.

主体 A outpaced 主体 B in terms of growth.
... exhibited a much steeper trajectory.
Consequently, the gap between the leading categories and the remaining ones widened substantially.

4.2 总和为 100% 的动态图

适用：动态饼图、100% 堆叠图。

Body 1: 份额扩张者
Body 2: 份额缩水者 / 小项

模板：

Overall, the composition of 主体 underwent a paradigm shift,
with 赢者 emerging as the dominant component at the expense of 输者.

It is clear that the distribution was significantly reconfigured.
赢家 A expanded significantly at the expense of 输家 B.
赢家 A gradually encroached upon the share previously held by 输家 B.
... effectively eating into the proportion of ...
In contrast, 输家 saw a marked reduction in its proportion, losing ground to 赢者.
... experienced a substantial contraction in its share.

4.3 周期图：月份、星期、小时

不要按起点终点算涨跌；按高峰期和低谷期分段。

Overall, all categories exhibited a marked cyclical pattern / distinct seasonality throughout the period.
It is clearly evident that the figures were heavily influenced by seasonal variations.
Focusing on the peak season / high-activity hours, ...
Conversely, during the off-season / trough period, ...

4.4 静态图

没有年份变化时，不能用 increase/decrease。按大小、层级、断层、倍数、相等、例外来写。

适用图表：

• 没有年份，或只有一个过去年份。
• 静态柱图、静态饼图、静态表格。
• 图里没有“谁涨谁跌”，只有“谁大谁小”。

考场三步：

1. 禁用动态词：increase / decrease / peak / trend。
2. 心里把所有数字从大到小重排。
3. 找“断崖”：队伍里掉得最狠的那一下就是切段点。

分段：

Body 1 = 断崖上面的 1 到 3 个大头
Body 2 = 断崖下面的小项，全部打包

概览：

Overall, a clear hierarchy can be observed, with 霸主 standing out as the undisputed leader,
while 垫底项 occupies the bottom of the spectrum.

It is clearly evident that 霸主 dominates the chart in terms of 计量指标.

主体段：

Looking at the most prominent categories, ...
Commanding the largest share / registering the highest figures is 霸主 ...
Moving to the lower end of the spectrum, ...
In stark contrast, the remaining categories constitute a relatively minor fraction of the total.

时态：

无年份：Overall, a clear hierarchy can be observed ...
只有一个过去年份：Overall, a clear hierarchy could be observed ...

无年份：霸主 dominates the chart ...
只有一个过去年份：霸主 dominated the chart ...

4.5 多列复杂表格

横着看每一行，按整体特征分段。

适用图表：

• 一行有好几列指标的静态表格，如比例 + 人数、收入 + 负债。
• 每组里有两根柱子对比的柱图，如男 vs 女、A vs B。可以把每组当成一行，两根柱子当成两列。

不要用在：单列数字排大小的图。单列图优先用“断崖法”。

考场两步：

1. 横着扫每一行，贴标签：一致 / 反着来 / 打平。
2. 分段：Body 1 写标签一致的组；Body 2 写反着来的组 + 打平的组。

概览选择：

• 如果有一个对象在大多数指标里都是赢家，用 across most metrics 这句。
• 如果没有明显横向赢家，回到静态图断崖法，用 a clear hierarchy 点最大和最小。

Overall, while 主体 A consistently registered the highest figures across most metrics,
主体 B presented a starkly contrasting profile.

Looking first at the categories that demonstrated a consistent pattern of dominance, ...
主体 A universally dominated the measured categories, recording peak values in both 指标 1 and 指标 2.
Interestingly, an inverse relationship can be observed in 主体 B.
Despite scoring highly in 指标 1, 主体 B surprisingly registered the lowest figure in 指标 2.

4.6 地图题

先找分界线：河流、主干道、铁路，或人为分成南北 / 东西两半。

概览：

Overall, the area underwent a radical transformation,
evolving from a largely rural/industrial site into a highly developed residential/commercial hub.

It is clearly evident that the town experienced significant modernisation.

主体段方位：

Looking first at the area to the north of the river / main road / railway, ...
Focusing on the northern/eastern/southern/western sector of the map, ...
Moving across the central river to the southern portion of the town, ...
Conversely, the spatial layout in the eastern sector reveals a different pattern.

地图变化六类：

A new 实体 was constructed/erected in the 方位.
The 方位 saw the addition of a 新实体.
旧建筑 was demolished/knocked down.
The trees in the 方位 were cleared/chopped down.
旧实体 was demolished to make way for 新实体.
旧实体 was repurposed/transformed into 新实体.
The 实体 was expanded/extended to include ...
The size of the 实体 was reduced.
The 实体 was relocated from the 旧方位 to the 新方位.
The 实体 remained untouched/unchanged over the period.

地图词汇：

woodland / forest / a cluster of trees
river / stream / coastline / shore
main road / dual carriageway / footpath / pedestrianised street
junction / intersection / roundabout / car park / railway line
housing estate / residential area / accommodation facilities
retail park / shopping centre / industrial estate / warehouse / factory
educational facilities / medical centre
green space / open space / recreational facilities / sports centre

方位词：

in the north / north-west of ...
to the south / south-east of ...
in the south-western corner of ...
along the river / coastline
off the main road
running through the centre of ...
adjacent to ... / in close proximity to ...
directly opposite ... / across the road from ...
situated on the banks of the river
in the heart of the town / in the central area
on the outskirts of the city

4.7 流程图

先判断自然还是人工：

自然流程：主动语态
人工流程：被动语态

概览：

Overall, the process consists of 数字 main stages,
beginning with 起点动作 and culminating in 终点动作.

Overall, this is a cyclic process comprising several distinct phases,
from 起点 to 终点.

主体段：

In the initial phase of the process, ...
The process commences when ...
Following the preliminary preparation, the process moves into the subsequent stage where ...
Once the initial stages are complete, the focus shifts to ...

流程动作：

物质 is transported/conveyed/transferred to 目的地 via a conveyor belt.
The liquid/gas is pumped into 容器.
The water flows/runs down into the reservoir.
The raw material is crushed/ground/pulverised into fine pieces.
... is heated/melted in a furnace.
... is cooled/condensed to form ...
... is moulded/shaped into 形状.
The eggs hatch into larvae.
... matures into an adult.
物质 A is blended/mixed with 物质 B.
The components are assembled.
The products are sorted/graded according to size.
Impurities are filtered out/extracted from the mixture.
The final products are packed/bottled/canned.
... is stored in a silo/warehouse awaiting distribution.
The insect remains dormant/hibernates during the winter.
Any rejected materials are recycled back into the 前期机器 for further processing.
The life cycle begins anew / repeats itself as 生物 lays eggs.

流程条件：

... at a temperature of exactly 数值
... at temperatures reaching up to 数值
... under high pressure
... in a vacuum environment
... for a duration of 时间跨度
... and is left to rest for 时间跨度
... over a period of several months
... with the addition of 特定物质
... powered entirely by solar panels
... relying on gravity to ...
... is sorted manually by workers
... is processed mechanically

5. 关键数据写法

5.1 动态图关键点

交叉 / 反超：

反超者 overtook 被超越者 in 年份.
反超者 successfully surpassed 被超越者.
反超者 outstripped 被超越者 by 年份.
The two trajectories intersected at exactly 数值 in 年份.
A notable crossover occurred in 年份, when ...
..., thereby establishing its position as the leading category.
..., pushing 被超越者 into second place.
..., pushing 被超越者 to a lower position.
..., replacing 被超越者 to take the second/third position.

课堂整句框架：

Looking first at the trajectories that exhibited upward trends, the figure for A started at 数值
and successfully surpassed that of B at 数值 in 年份, after which the two trajectories diverged significantly,
pushing the latter to a lower position and culminating in a stark difference of 数值.

注意：

• that of B = B 的数据，用来避免重复 the figure for B。
• 年份后面如果引导“那一年发生了什么”，用 when；如果指代“这件事之后”，用 after which。
• 不建议写 in 2010, where ...，因为 where 主要指地点。

差距拉大：

The two trajectories diverged significantly after 年份.
Following a similar start, 变量 A and 变量 B moved in opposite directions.
Consequently, the gap between the two categories widened substantially.
A marked disparity emerged between 变量 A and 变量 B over the period.
..., culminating in a stark difference of 数值.
..., with 变量 A finishing 数值 higher than 变量 B.

最高 / 最低 / 反弹：

reach a peak of 数值 in 年份
peak at 数值
hit a high of 数值
hit a low of 数值 in 年份
bottom out at 数值
..., before rebounding to 数值
..., followed by a swift recovery to 数值
..., followed by a surge to 数值
..., experiencing a complete reversal in its trajectory
..., before experiencing a decline to 数值
..., followed by a drop to 数值

不变 / 平台期：

remain constant at 数值 between 年份 and 年份
remain completely constant at 数值
stay unchanged at 数值
maintain a stable level of 数值
..., before reaching a plateau of 数值
..., where it levelled off at exactly 数值
hover around 数值 throughout the period
remain largely / relatively stable at approximately 数值

波动：

... fluctuated between 下限数值 and 上限数值
... experienced considerable fluctuations
... experienced slight fluctuations
... exhibited erratic/wild fluctuations
... oscillated continuously over the period
... remained confined within a narrow band of 下限 to 上限
... experienced a period of volatility within the 数值 range
... followed an overall upward trend despite some fluctuations
... fluctuated along a downward trajectory
..., before finally stabilising at 数值
..., followed by a sudden breakout to 数值

线性 / 指数增长：

... exhibited a strictly linear progression
... grew at a remarkably constant / steady pace
... rose/fell at a steady and constant rate
... experienced an exponential rate of growth
... saw a steep and accelerated upward trend
... displayed a steep, upward trajectory resembling a J-curve
This gradual rise accelerated sharply after 年份
..., acting as an inflection point where the figure surged to 数值

未来预测中的反超：

Similarly, the growth of A is expected to accelerate.
However, it is also projected to be overtaken by B around 年份.

5.2 静态图关键点

找点扫描顺序：分段切完再扫。对着整张图按顺序问五个问题，中一个就记一张“三件事便签”，不中就跳过。

1. 有没有独一档的第一名？                         -> 模型一：绝对领先
2. 有没有刚好几倍，或相加刚好相等？                 -> 模型二：倍数与合并
3. 有没有两个数长得一样，或几乎一样？               -> 模型三：完全相等与差不多大
4. 大家都守的规律里，有没有谁一个人反着来？         -> 模型四：全场唯一反转
5. 数据是不是又多又碎，挤成两群或像下楼梯？         -> 模型五：两头扎堆与阶梯排队

便签配额：全文 4 到 6 张就够。一张便签 = 一句话 = 2 到 3 个数字。

常见安排：

Body 1: 模型一打头，模型二跟上。
Body 2: 模型三打包小数据，模型四压轴。
模型五: 常常直接当 Overview；前四问都落空的碎数据图，靠模型五概括形状。

绝对领先：

找什么：

1. 找全场最大的数字、最高的柱子、最大的饼块。
2. 看它和第二名差多少，或它是否比后面几项加起来还多。
3. 记三件事：第一名叫什么、数字是多少、它和第二名或其他项差多少。

使用条件：

• overwhelming majority：第一名超过 50%。
• dwarfing all other categories：第一名比每个其他项都大很多。
• overshadowing the runner-up：第一名和第二名之间有明显断崖。
• a mere 数值：只贴在很小的数字上，如个位数、十几，或不到第一名的一半。

... completely dominated the chart, accounting for 数值
... constituted the overwhelming majority of ...
..., effectively dwarfing all other categories
..., significantly overshadowing the runner-up
A marked disparity was evident between 霸主 and the rest.
... a mere 数值

整句：

Coal completely dominated the chart, constituting the overwhelming majority at 75%,
significantly overshadowing the runner-up, natural gas, which stood at a mere 10%.

倍数 / 分数：

找什么：

1. 心算乘除：大数是不是小数的 2 倍或 3 倍。
2. 乘除不明显就做加法：两个小数加起来是否约等于一个大数。
3. 记三件事：哪几个对象、几倍 / 几分之几 / 相加相等、原数字各是多少。

使用条件：

• exactly half：刚好一半。
• a mere third：大约三分之一，允许四舍五入。
• twice the proportion of：百分比图里刚好两倍。
• 倍数fold higher than：整数倍，如 twofold / threefold。
• respectively：句子里刚好出现两个对象和两个数字，一一对应。

... constituted exactly half of the figure for 对手方
... represented a mere third of the proportion seen in 对手方
... registered precisely twice the proportion of 对手方
The figure for 变量 A was threefold higher than that of 变量 B.
The combined total of 变量 A and 变量 B was roughly equivalent to ...
..., standing at 数值 and 数值 respectively.

相等 / 接近：

找什么：

1. 找一样高的柱子、一样大的饼块、表格里一样的数字。
2. 完全相等：数字一模一样。
3. 差不多大：只差零点几，可当作同一水平；差两三个点就不要用这个模型。
4. 记三件事：哪两个对象、数字是多少、这个数字在全场算大还是小。

使用场景：

• Body 2 写小项时最常用，几个差不多的小数据一句打包。
• Body 1 里两个大头打平也能用。

... registered identical proportions at 数值
变量 A and 变量 B shared an equal percentage of ...
... was exactly on par with that of 对手方
There was no discernible difference between 变量 A and 变量 B.
Similarly, an identical pattern can be observed in 变量 C.

整句：

Moving to the lower end of the spectrum, France and Germany registered identical proportions,
standing exactly on par with each other at 15%.

唯一例外：

找什么：

1. 先看出大多数：大多数组里谁压着谁，这就是普遍规律。
2. 专门找唯一反着来的对象。反着来的有两个以上，就不要用 sole exception。
3. 记三件事：反转对象叫什么、反常数字是多少、它打破了什么普遍规律。

使用场景：通常放在 Body 2，打包完小数据之后压轴写。

使用条件：

• sole exception / the only category：必须真的只有一个反例。
• defied the overall pattern：方向整个反过来。静态图、百分比图里优先用 pattern。
• reversed situation：整体关系反转。

异常主体 stood out as the sole exception to this pattern.
... was the only category to deviate significantly from the norm.
... completely defied the overall pattern.
... exhibited a completely reversed situation.
Bucking the general pattern observed in other categories, 异常主体 ...

整句：

While males outnumbered females in almost all regions, New Zealand stood out as the sole exception
to this pattern, exhibiting a completely reversed situation where the proportion of females was higher at 40%.

数据抱团 / 阶梯：

找什么：退后一步看整体形状。

1. 两头扎堆：数据明显分成两群，几个挤在高处，几个挤在低处，中间一大段是空的。
2. 阶梯排队：从大到小排好后，相邻两个差的数都差不多。
3. 记三件事：扎堆记高群、低群、中间空档；阶梯记排队顺序、每级大约差多少。

什么时候用：

• 数据有六七个以上。
• 找不出独一档第一名，如前三名是 90、85、82，挤在一起。
• 不要一个个报数，也不要硬找断崖，直接写形状。

使用条件：

• polarises into two distinct clusters：高低各有一群，中间明显空着。
• bi-modal distribution：同上，可接在前一句后。
• heavily concentrated at the upper end：单写高处那一群。
• noticeable void in the middle range：单写中间空档。
• stepped progression：从大到小一级一级降，级差大致均匀。
• sequential hierarchy：能说出每级大约差多少。

The data polarises into two distinct clusters.
... exhibiting a clear bi-modal distribution.
... follows a clear stepped progression.
... forms a sequential hierarchy, with each category being roughly 数值 lower than the preceding one.
... heavily concentrated at the upper end of the spectrum.
..., leaving a noticeable void in the middle range.

整句：

Rather than an even spread, the data polarises into two distinct clusters, exhibiting a clear bi-modal distribution;
the top three countries are heavily concentrated at the 80% mark, leaving a noticeable void before the remaining
nations cluster around the 15% level.

6. 高分句式工具

6.1 with / ing / ed 合并句子

用途：一句话里装下主数据 + 次数据，避免用 and / but 硬接两个完整句。

三步：

1. 挑主角：选最重要、最显著的数据，写成完整主句。
2. 次要数据降级：不要再让它当新句子的主语。
3. 主句后打逗号，接 with 短语，或把动词改成 ing 形式接上。

主句完整结构, with 次要变量 standing at / accounting for 数值.
主句完整结构, with the figure for 次要变量 being significantly lower at 数值.
主句描述趋势, finishing / ending the period at 最终数值.
主句描述趋势, reaching a peak of 数值 before dropping to 数值.
主句动作一, followed by 名词化动作二.
主句描述新建筑, completely replacing the original 旧建筑.

使用条件：

• with 次要变量 standing at/accounting for 数值：最通用。
• with the figure for 次要变量 being significantly lower at 数值：只有次要数据明显更低时使用。

示例：

Coal completely dominated the chart at 50%, with natural gas accounting for a mere 20%.

6.2 句首让步 / 对比

Whilst 背景变量完整从句, 核心反差变量的主句.
Whereas 普遍规律从句, 异常特例的主句.
Despite recording 背景数据, 核心变量 nevertheless 核心动作.
In spite of a general downward trend, 特例变量 ...
In stark contrast to 背景变量及数据, 核心变量 dominated the chart at 数值.

6.3 倒装 / 强调

全篇最多用一次，留给最极端的数据。

Not only did 核心变量 动作一原形, but it also 动作二.
Nowhere was this trend more evident than in 核心变量.
It was 核心变量 that/which witnessed the most dramatic transformation.

6.4 自然过渡

从今天起强制替换：

firstly / secondly / next / then

换对象、换段落时，从下面选：

with regard to 新变量
in terms of 新变量
turning to 新变量
shifting the focus to 新变量
moving to the lower end of the spectrum
looking at the remaining categories
as the period progressed
in the subsequent stage
moving to the next stage of the process

使用规则：

• 段 2 的第一句：必须从第 2 组数据接起，如 Moving to the lower end of the spectrum, ...。
• 同一段内换对象：用 turning to ... / shifting the focus to ... / with regard to ... / in terms of ...。
• 写小项打包：用 looking at the remaining categories。
• 写时间推进：用 as the period progressed。
• 写流程推进：用 moving to the next stage of the process。

6.5 指代与替换

this upward trajectory
this growth pattern
such a pronounced disparity
this sheer dominance
the former / the latter
respectively
that of 对手方      # 单数数据词
those of 对手方     # 复数数据词

6.6 定语从句与同位语

语法理解：

It is clear that ...
It is true that ...

这里的 it 是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的 that ... 从句。

That chicken consumption increased is clear.
= It is clear that chicken consumption increased.

同位语从句：后面的 that ... 是前面抽象名词的具体内容。

I like the idea that sleeping is good.
The fact that chicken consumption increased is clear.

定语从句：相当于一个“大号形容词”，给前面的名词加属性。

I met a boy who was handsome, tall, and nice.
Coal, which accounted for 75%, dominated the chart.

Task 1 里最常用：

• which：补充事物、数据、前面整句话。
• who：补充人群。
• where：补充地点、机器、流程阶段。
• when：补充年份或时间点。

补充数字：

, which accounted for 数值,
, which stood at 数值,
, which was the highest figure recorded,
, who represented the largest demographic,
, which indicates a stark contrast.
, which highlights a significant shift in consumer behaviour.

地点 / 流程 / 时间：

, where the original 旧实体 was repurposed as 新实体,
, where it is subjected to 物理条件,
... progressing to the next stage, where 物质 undergoes ...
..., culminating in the year 年份, when the figure reached ...
... up until 年份, when the trajectory experienced a sharp reversal.

同位语：

用途：最省字。把数字、排名或评价直接贴在名词后面，不再另写一句。

做法：名词后打逗号，塞入一小截没有动词的信息，再打第二个逗号，接主句动词。

The expenditure on healthcare, at 50%, remained ...
Coal, the undisputed leader, ...
主体, a clear outlier, ...
主体, a figure constituting exactly half of the total, ...

使用条件：

• , at 数值,：想把数字直接贴在主语身上。
• , the undisputed leader,：只给模型一确认过的断崖第一名。
• , a clear outlier,：只给模型四确认过的唯一反转对象。
• , a figure constituting exactly half of the total,：这个数刚好占总数一半。

which 补数字：

用途：主句写地位或表现，逗号后用 which 把准确数字补进去。

规则：这种逗号后的非限制性定语从句用 which，不要换成其他连接词。

主体 dominated the chart, which indicates a stark contrast.
主体, which accounted for 数值, dominated the chart.
主体, which stood at 数值, ranked second.
主体, which was the highest figure recorded, ...

使用条件：

• which accounted for 数值 / which stood at 数值：通用补数字。
• which was the highest figure recorded：只给全场最高数字。
• which indicates a stark contrast：which 指代前面整句话，放在句尾作评价。

7. 考前检查清单

7.1 任务完成

• 是否有独立 Overview？
• Overview 里是否删掉了具体数字、百分比、金额和倍数？
• Overview 是否概括了最大趋势、最大差距、整体变化或最终结果？
• 主体段是否有清晰分组，而不是流水账？
• 是否做了 relevant comparisons？

7.2 单位与数字

• 坐标轴、图例、表头里的单位是否写对？
• 百万、千、吨、公里、英里、货币符号是否写对？
• 双坐标轴有没有把左右单位混用？
• 百分比变化是否写成 percentage points？

amounting to 数值 million
an increase of 数值 percentage points
measured in 单位

7.3 语法

• 过去图是否全篇一般过去时？
• 无年份静态图和流程图是否一般现在时？
• 未来预测是否用了 is projected to / is forecast to 等预测表达？
• 主语和谓语是否一致？
• 中间插入的从句、介词短语有没有干扰主谓一致？

易错例：

The figure for fossil fuels, despite previous drops, remains ...

主干是 The figure remains，不是 fuels remain。

7.4 词汇替换

替换 show：

illustrates
delineates
details
outlines
provides information on

替换 increase：

experienced an upward trajectory
witnessed a surge
rose steadily
grew at a steady pace
accelerated sharply

替换 decrease：

followed a downward trend
experienced a marked decline
plummeted
fell marginally
contracted substantially

8. 最简写作流程

1. 看图表类型，确定 主语 + 动词。
2. 把题目长句改成高级名词短语。
3. 补充分类、单位、地点、时间。
4. 判断时间轴，锁定时态。
5. 写 Intro。
6. 写 Overview：只概括，不写具体数字。
7. 按题型分主体段：动态按趋势，静态按大小，地图按空间，流程按阶段。
8. 主体段每段至少写一个对比：反超、差距、倍数、例外、最高最低、扩张缩水。
9. 用 with、句首对比、定语从句压缩句子。
10. 最后检查 Overview、单位、时态、主谓一致、词汇重复。

9. 模板词汇解析

9.1 开头段动词

词汇	中文意思	适用场景	使用提醒
illustrate	展示，说明	线图、柱图、饼图、表格	最稳妥，基本可替代 show
demonstrate	展示，显示，证明	趋势、特征、规律	比 show 正式，可写 demonstrated slight fluctuations
exhibit	表现出，呈现	趋势、特征、波动	常用于数据“呈现某种趋势”
compare	比较	多国家、多类别、多对象	图里必须有明显对比对象
provide information on	提供关于……的信息	数据图通用	比 show 正式，但不如 compare 有对比感
detail	详细说明	地图、流程图	强调细节和步骤
outline	概述	地图、流程图	比 detail 更概括
delineate	描绘，标明轮廓	地图题	适合地图、布局、边界变化

9.2 开头段核心名词

词汇	中文意思	适用场景
demographic profile	人口构成	年龄、性别、家庭结构、贫困人口
distribution	分布	人群、活动、消费、比例在不同类别中的分布
attendance figures	出席数据	参观、上课、参加活动
participation figures	参与数据	运动、课程、活动参与
destinations	去向，目的地	毕业生去向、游客流向
financial expenditure	财务支出	花费、消费、政府支出
allocation of budget	预算分配	学校预算、政府预算
sales revenue	销售收入	咖啡、香蕉、产品销售额
price fluctuations	价格波动	金属、房价、商品价格
consumption levels	消耗水平	水、电、能源、食物
production volume	生产量	电力、商品、资源产出
carbon footprint / emissions	碳足迹 / 排放	环境、污染、二氧化碳
spatial layout	空间布局	地图题、建筑内部布局
physical transformation	物理改造	地图题，过去和现在对比
manufacturing process	制造流程	工业流程图
life cycle	生命周期	动植物自然流程
figure for ...	……的数据 / 数值	万能替换，避免主语单位搭配错误
popularity	受欢迎程度	活动、运动、娱乐方式

9.3 分类和单位词

词汇	中文意思	用法
categorised into	被分成	categorised into six distinct groups
broken down by	按……细分	broken down by age and gender
across	横跨，在……范围内	across ten countries/sectors
distinct	不同的，清楚区分的	强调类别彼此独立
separate	独立的，分开的	常用于国家、行业、类别
measured in	以……计量	吨、公里、百万、千瓦时
expressed as a percentage	以百分比表示	百分比图
denominated in	以……计价	欧元、美元、英镑等货币

9.4 趋势词

词汇	中文意思	适用变化
upward trajectory	上升趋势	正式替代 increase
downward trend	下降趋势	正式替代 decrease
surge	激增	大幅、快速上升
plummet	暴跌	大幅、快速下降
marked decline	明显下降	幅度比较明显的下降
marginal rise/fall	小幅上升 / 下降	变化很小
steady pace	稳定速度	匀速变化
accelerate sharply	急剧加速	原本慢，后来变快
linear progression	线性发展	像直线一样稳定上升或下降
exponential growth	指数级增长	越涨越快，J 型曲线
accelerated upward trend	加速上升趋势	不确定是否指数级，但明显越来越快
fluctuate	波动	上下变化
considerable fluctuations	大幅波动	波动范围大
slight fluctuations	小幅波动	波动范围小
oscillate	震荡，来回摆动	比 fluctuate 更书面
hover around	在……附近徘徊	小幅波动，基本稳定
level off	趋于平稳	涨跌后进入平台期
plateau	平台期	名词，表示稳定阶段

9.5 对比和关系词

词汇	中文意思	适用场景
overtake	反超	A 从低位超过 B
surpass	超过	比 overtake 更通用
outstrip	甩开，超过	强调差距被拉大
trajectory	轨迹，走势	折线图趋势，不只表示物理轨道
intersect	相交	两条线在某点交叉
crossover	交叉点 / 反超事件	名词，适合概括交叉
diverge	分化，背离	两条线越离越远
culminate in	最终导致，以……告终	接最终结果，如差距、最高点
notable	值得注意的，显著的	引出重点变化
gap widened	差距扩大	写两个对象之间的距离变大
disparity	明显差距，悬殊	比 difference 更高级
at the expense of	以牺牲……为代价	动态饼图，A 抢了 B 的份额
encroach upon	侵占	A 逐步占据 B 原来的份额
eat into	蚕食	比喻份额被一点点占掉
lose ground to	失去优势给……	B 份额下降，被 A 抢走
contraction	收缩	份额、规模减少

9.6 静态图词汇

词汇	中文意思	使用提醒
dominate	占主导，遥遥领先	写最大项
overwhelming majority	绝大多数	适合超过一半或明显最大
dwarf	使……显得很小	A 太大，让其他项显得小
overshadow	使……相形见绌	第一名远超第二名
runner-up	第二名	写第一名和第二名对比
hierarchy	层级差异	静态图总体大小排序
on par with	与……同一水平	两个数字几乎相等
identical	完全相同的	两个数据完全一样
discernible difference	可辨别的差异	no discernible difference = 没明显差异
sole exception	唯一例外	写反常项
deviate from the norm	偏离常规	写唯一不符合规律的对象
outlier	异常值，例外项	静态图或表格中很特殊的数据
bi-modal distribution	双峰分布	数据分成高低两团
cluster	群体，扎堆	数据集中在某个范围
stepped progression	阶梯式递进	数据像楼梯一样逐级变化

9.7 地图题词汇

词汇	中文意思	使用提醒
radical transformation	根本性转变	Overview 里概括地图大变化
modernisation	现代化	小镇、城区、设施升级
construct / erect	建造 / 竖立	新增建筑
demolish / knock down	拆除	只能用于建筑
clear / chop down	清除 / 砍伐	主要用于树木、林地
make way for	为……腾出空间	旧物拆除，新物建立
repurpose	改变用途	建筑还在，但功能变了
transform into	改造成	旧实体变成新实体
expand / extend	扩建 / 延伸	面积变大、道路延长
reduce	缩小	面积或规模变小
relocate	搬迁	同一设施从 A 移到 B
remain untouched/unchanged	保持原样	周围变了，但它没变

9.8 流程图词汇

词汇	中文意思	适用动作
commence	开始	替代 start
culminate in	以……结束	Overview 写终点
preliminary preparation	初步准备	前半段流程
subsequent stage	随后的阶段	后半段流程
transport / convey / transfer	运输 / 传送 / 转移	位置移动
pump	泵入	液体或气体
crush / grind / pulverise	粉碎 / 磨碎 / 碾碎	原材料变小
heat / melt	加热 / 融化	高温处理
cool / condense	冷却 / 冷凝	降温成形
mould / shape	塑形	放入模具
blend / mix	混合	多种材料合并
assemble	组装	零件合并
sort / grade	分类 / 分级	按大小、质量挑选
filter out / extract	过滤 / 提取	去除杂质或提取成分
store	储存	仓库、筒仓
remain dormant / hibernate	休眠 / 冬眠	自然生命周期
recycle back into	回收送回	回流再加工

9.9 句式连接词

词汇	中文意思	使用提醒
whilst	尽管 / 然而	比 while 更书面，写强对比
whereas	然而，相比之下	对比两个完整从句
despite	尽管	后面接名词或 doing，不能直接接完整句子
in stark contrast to	与……形成鲜明对比	强对比开头
with regard to	关于	普通转移对象
in terms of	就……而言	按指标讨论
turning to	转向	从 A 写到 B
shifting the focus to	将焦点转向	比 next 更自然
the former / the latter	前者 / 后者	只能用于前一句刚出现的两个对象
respectively	分别地	两组对象和两组数字一一对应
that of	……的数据	代替单数数据词，如 the figure/proportion of
those of	……的数据	代替复数数据词，如 numbers/emissions of

9.10 推荐正确用法

场景	推荐表达
大幅上升	witnessed a surge / rose sharply
大幅下降	plummeted / experienced a sharp decline
小幅下降	fell marginally / experienced a slight decline
百分比增减幅度	an increase/decrease of 数值 percentage points
百分比主语	the proportion/percentage/share of ... reached 数值
倍数关系	twice the proportion of ... / twice the figure for ...
建筑拆除	buildings were demolished
树木清除	trees were cleared/chopped down
未来预测	is projected to ... / is forecast to ...
数据自己上升	rise / increase
人为提高某物	raise the budget/price/standard
形式主语	it is clear/obvious that ...
年份补充说明	in 年份, when ... / after which ...
单数趋势	an upward/downward trend
复数趋势	upward/downward trends